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''Audi alteram partem'' (or ''audiatur et altera pars'') is a Latin phrase meaning "listen to the other side", or "let the other side be heard as well".〔(audi alteram partem: Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary )〕 It is the principle that no person should be judged without a fair hearing in which each party is given the opportunity to respond to the evidence against them.〔(Audi alteram partem's entry in the duhaime.org legal dictionary )〕 "Audi alteram partem" is considered to be a principle of fundamental justice or equity or the principle of natural justice in most legal systems. This principle includes the rights of a party or his lawyers to confront the witnesses against him, to have a fair opportunity to challenge the evidence presented by the other party, to summon one's own witnesses and to present evidence, and to have counsel, if necessary at public expense, in order to make one's case properly. ==History of use== As a general principle of rationality in reaching conclusions in disputed matters, "Hear both sides" was treated as part of common wisdom by the ancient Greek dramatists.〔e.g. Aeschylus, ''The Eumenides'' 431, 435〕 A similar principle can also be found in Islamic law, based on a hadith indicating that in litigation, both parties must be heard.〔 Imam Abu Dawud. 2008. ''Sunan Abu Dawud Vol. 3 (Translated to English by Ahmad Hasan)''. Riyadh: Darussalam,, Hadith No. 3575, Grade: Hasan 〕 The principle was referred to by the International Court of Justice in the ''Nuclear Tests'' case, referring to France's non-appearance at judgment.〔''(Nuclear Tests (Australia c. France) )'', C. I. J., December 20, 1974, p. 265〕 Today, legal systems differ on whether individuals can be convicted ''in absentia''. The principle is highly used in labour law matters in countries like South Africa and Zimbabwe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「audi alteram partem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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